This is a working overview of Semax, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2026-07-03. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia during the 1990s. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences designed it as a stabilized analog of tuftsin, a naturally occurring immunomodulatory tetrapeptide. The compound has been studied primarily for its reported anxiolytic and nootropic effects. It remains largely unknown in Western pharmacology and is not approved as a medicine by major regulators such as the FDA or the EMA.
The primary structure of Selank is Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, corresponding to the molecular formula C33H57N11O9 and a monoisotopic mass of roughly 751.9 daltons. The N-terminal threonine and the arginine residue in the fourth position are shared with tuftsin, which carries the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg. The three additional residues at the C-terminus, Pro-Gly-Pro, extend the chain and are associated with greater resistance to enzymatic degradation. This extension also separates Selank from the shorter parent peptide.
Naming conventions place Selank in the same research family as Semax, another Russian-developed peptide investigated for cognitive effects. The two compounds share a lineage but differ in sequence and in the biological systems proposed as their targets. Semax descends from ACTH fragments, whereas Selank descends from tuftsin. Publications sometimes identify Selank by its full peptide sequence or by laboratory codes rather than one uniform trade name. Because replication outside Russia is limited, reports on its properties are best read alongside the study design and the purity of the material tested.
Animal studies have examined behaviour in tests of anxiety, memory retention and stress response, and several report changes in neurotrophic or neurotransmitter-related markers. The human evidence base is much smaller, consisting mainly of short trials conducted in Russia with limited reporting in English-language journals. Sample sizes are modest and outcome measures vary between studies, so the findings are best described as preliminary. Independent replication under modern trial standards has not been widely reported.
Outside its country of origin the compound is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. No regulatory approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency has been granted for human use. Identity and purity are normally checked by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with mass spectrometry used to confirm the molecular mass. Lyophilised material is stored cold and desiccated, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic heptapeptide | Stabilized analog of tuftsin |
| Sequence | Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro | Single-letter form: TKPRPGP |
| Molecular formula | C33H57N11O9 | Monoisotopic mass about 751.9 Da |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typically supplied as lyophilized solid |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Also soluble in common polar solvents |
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is the standard technique for estimating peptide purity. The result is a peak-area percentage, which describes how much of the detected material elutes as the main peak in one run. Mass spectrometry confirms the molecular mass and can reveal truncated, adducted, or otherwise modified species. Amino acid analysis or tandem mass spectrometry can address sequence fidelity when identity is in doubt. None of these measurements, taken alone, establishes that a sample is fit for any specific purpose.
Lyophilized selank is normally supplied as a dry powder and is considered stable for extended periods when kept cold and dry. Moisture uptake is the main practical threat, because absorbed water promotes both hydrolysis and aggregation in the solid state. Vials are usually warmed to room temperature before opening so that condensation does not form on the powder. Supplier documentation commonly specifies -20 °C for routine storage, with -80 °C used for material intended to be archived for years.
Once dissolved, the peptide is markedly less stable than the dry powder. Aqueous solutions are subject to backbone hydrolysis and to microbial growth when they are handled without sterile technique. Buffered solutions near neutral pH are common for short-term laboratory work, while acidic conditions are sometimes used to improve solubility. Analytical laboratories generally prepare working solutions fresh rather than storing them, and a residual water film left in a reopened vial can seed degradation even when the container appears dry.
Development work on the compound began in the 1980s and 1990s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow, within the same research programme that produced the peptide Semax. Early investigators sought a tuftsin derivative with improved resistance to enzymatic breakdown and with activity in the central nervous system after peripheral administration. Most of the primary literature from this period was published in Russian, a factor that still shapes how easily the findings can be checked by outside groups.
Naming for this compound is not fully standardised in English sources. The spelling Selanc appears in some transliterations, and catalogue entries may instead list the peptide sequence itself as the identifier. Reference material sometimes groups it with other short synthetic peptides studied for behavioural effects, which can create confusion when citations are compared. Distinguishing the exact sequence from related tuftsin analogues is therefore a practical first step when reviewing any dataset or specification sheet.
Reported pharmacological effects center on reduced anxiety-like behavior in animal models and on measures of memory and learning. Proposed contributing mechanisms include modulation of GABAergic signaling, shifts in monoamine turnover, and changes in the activity of enzymes that degrade neuropeptides. Effects on the expression of genes linked to neuroplasticity have also been described. No single molecular target is widely accepted, and whether the behavioral findings arise from one pathway or several remains an open question.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. It was designed as a stabilized analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring tetrapeptide fragment derived from the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The additional Pro-Gly-Pro segment at the carboxyl terminus is intended to slow enzymatic cleavage. The compound is usually described in the literature as a synthetic peptide with anxiolytic and cognitive-related activity, a label that reflects a research context rather than an approved therapeutic category.
The combination of an inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise with heavy or rapid breathing is known as an exaggerated cardiorespiratory response to exercise. Due to the confusion between muscle fatigue and muscle weakness, there have been instances of abnormal muscle fatigue being described as exercise-induced muscle weakness.
After UMNO lost power at the 2018 Malaysian general election, Malaysia's ranking increased by 9 places in the 2019 Democracy Index to 43rd compared to the previous year; the country is classified as a 'flawed democracy'. Malaysia's ranking in the 2020 Press Freedom Index increased by 22 places to 101st compared to the previous year, making it one of two countries in Southeast Asia without a 'Difficult situation' or 'Very Serious situation' with regards to press freedom. However, it fell 18 places the following year due to the policies of the PN government. Malaysia is marked at 48th and 62nd place according to the 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index, indicating above-average levels of corruption. Freedom House noted Malaysia as "partly free" in its 2018 survey. A lawsuit filed by the United States Department of Justice alleged that at least $3.5 billion involving former prime minister Najib Razak had been stolen from Malaysia's 1MDB state-owned fund, known as the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal. As of 2025, it is ranked 13th on the Global Peace Index.
== Structure and contrast with other lipids == The 2,3-sn-glycerol structure and ether bond linkage are two key differences between lipids found in archaea vs those of bacteria and eukarya. The latter use 1,2-sn-glycerol, and mostly, ester bonds. Natural archaeol has 3R, 7R, 11R configurations for the three chiral centers in the isoprenoid chains. There are four structural variations, contributing to the complexity of the membrane lipids in function and properties. The two phytanyl chains can form a 36-member ring to yield macrocyclic archaeol. Hydroxylated archaeol has phytanyl chains hydroxylated at the first tertiary carbon atom, while sesterterpanyl archaeol have the phytanyl side chains with C25 sesterterpanyl chains, substituting at C2 of glycerol or at both carbons. Unsaturated archaeol, with the same carbon skeleton as standard archaeol but one or multiple double bonds in the phytanyl side chains is also discovered.
There is no cure for CMT, but its symptoms can be managed to maintain quality of life. Although no proven treatment can alter disease progression, physical and occupational therapy can help preserve muscle strength, flexibility, and mobility. Orthopedic devices like ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are commonly used to correct foot drop and improve gait. In some cases, surgical interventions may be necessary to straighten toes, lower arches, or fuse joints to enhance stability. Pain management may involve physical therapy, assistive devices, or medications for neuropathic pain. Drugs with gabapentin and pregabalin may be used for neuropathic pain. NSAIDs and SSRIs are also used for non-neuropathic pain related to skeletal deformities caused by CMT. Treadmill training in patients has especially been shown to improve symptoms associated with impaired walking and balancing over time. Strength training paired with creatine supplements can also help as it may compensate for weak distal muscles and help alleviate CMT-related chronic fatigue. Certain drugs, such as vincristine (a chemotherapy agent), should be avoided altogether in CMT patients due to their known toxicity to nerves. Regular follow-up with healthcare providers is essential to adapt care as the disease progresses.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Wet-aged beef == Wet-aged beef is beef that has typically been aged in a vacuum-sealed bag to retain its moisture. Since the 1970s, with the development of vacuum packing machines and related technology, this has become the dominant mode of aging beef in the US and UK. It is popular with producers, wholesalers and retailers because it takes less time: typically only a few days and there is no moisture loss, so any given piece of meat sold by weight will have a higher value than a dry aged piece where moisture loss is desired for taste at the expense of final weight. The beef is usually kept for a period of 4 to 10 days in wet aging. Modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) is usually employed for the vacuum packaging of meat; typically between 60 and 80 percent oxygen to retain its appetizing color, with red meat such as beef needing a higher oxygen level than less vividly colored meat such as pork. The vacuum packed beef is stored at a temperature of 32 to 45 °F (0 to 7 °C).
Following this transfer event, the electron-deficient anion undergoes internal rearrangement and fragments. NETD is the ion/ion analogue of electron-detachment dissociation (EDD). NETD is compatible with fragmenting peptide and proteins along the backbone at the Cα-C bond. The resulting fragments are usually a•- and x-type product ions.
For example, the internal thoracic artery can be left attached to the subclavian artery while rerouting blood flow to bypass occluded coronary arteries and improve heart circulation. In organ transplantation, in situ is used to describe procedures performed within the donor's body to preserve organ viability. In situ perfusion is a technique employed during organ retrieval to restore blood flow to organs while they remain in their original location. This method minimizes ischemic injury and preserves organ viability for transplantation. In contrast, ex situ machine perfusion involves perfusing the organ outside the donor's body, typically after it has been removed.
Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. The word technology can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, including both tangible products such as tools or machines, and intangible ones such as software. Technology plays a critical role in science, engineering, and everyday life. Technological advancements have led to significant changes in society. The earliest known technology is the stone tool, used during prehistory, followed by the control of fire—which in turn contributed to the growth of the human brain and the development of language during the Ice Age, according to the cooking hypothesis. The invention of the wheel in the Bronze Age allowed greater travel and the creation of more complex machines. More recent technological inventions, including the printing press, telephone, and the Internet, have lowered barriers to communication and ushered in the knowledge economy. While technology contributes to economic development and improves human prosperity, it can also have negative impacts such as pollution and resource depletion, and can cause social harms like technological unemployment resulting from automation. As a result, philosophical and political debates about the role and use of technology, the ethics of technology, and ways to mitigate its downsides are ongoing.
== ISO 8000 – ISO 8999 == ISO 8000 Data quality ISO 8002:1986 Mechanical vibrations – Land vehicles – Method for reporting measured data ISO 8015:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Fundamentals – Concepts, principles and rules ISO 8041:2005 Human response to vibration - Measuring instrumentation ISO 8041-1:2017 Part 1: General purpose vibration meters ISO 8042:1988 Shock and vibration measurements – Characteristics to be specified for seismic pick-ups ISO 8044:2015 Corrosion of metals and alloys – Basic terms and definitions ISO 8048:1984 Technical drawings – Construction drawings – Representation of views, sections and cuts ISO 8049:2016 Ferronickel shot - Sampling for analysis ISO 8050:1988 Ferronickel ingots or pieces - Sampling for analysis ISO 8062 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts ISO 8062-1:2007 Part 1: Vocabulary ISO/TS 8062-2:2013 Part 2: Rules ISO 8062-3:2007 Part 3: General dimensional and geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for castings ISO 8062-4:2017 Part 4: General tolerances for castings using profile tolerancing in a general datum system ISO 8063 Information processing – Data interchange on 6,30 mm (0.25 in) wide magnetic tape cartridge using IMFM recording at 252 ftpmm (6 400 ftpi) ISO 8063-1:1986 Part 1: Mechanical, physical and magnetic properties ISO 8063-2:1986 Part 2: Track format and method of recording for data interchange in start/stop mode ISO 8064:1985 Information processing – Reels for 12,7 mm (0,5 in) wide magnetic tapes – Sizes 16, 18 and 22 ISO/IEC 8072:1996 Information technology – Open systems interconnection – Transport service definition ISO/IEC 8073:1997 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for providing the connection-mode transport service ISO 8088:1994 Equipment for olive cultivation and olive oil production – Vocabulary ISO 8090:1990 Cycles – Terminology ISO 8107:1993 Nuclear power plants - Maintainability - Terminology ISO 8109:1990 Banking and related financial services – Securities – Format of Eurobonds ISO 8114:1990 Textile machinery and accessories – Spindles for ring-spinning and doubling machines – List of equivalent terms ISO 8116 Textile machinery and accessories – Beams for winding ISO 8116-1:1995 Part 1: General vocabulary ISO 8119 Textile machinery and accessories – Needles for knitting machines – Terminology ISO 8119-1:1989 Part 1: Latch-type needles ISO 8119-2:1989 Part 2: Bearded needles ISO 8119-3:1992 Part 3: Compound needles ISO/IEC 81346: Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products – structuring principles and reference designations ISO 8147:1995 Shipbuilding and marine structures – Derrick rigs and component parts – Vocabulary ISO 8152:1984 Earth-moving machinery – Operation and maintenance – Training of mechanics ISO 8153 Aerospace fluid systems and components – Vocabulary ISO 8153-1:2009 Part 1: Hose assemblies ISO 8157:2015 Fertilizers and soil conditioners – Vocabulary ISO 8159:1987 Textiles – Morphology of fibres and yarns – Vocabulary ISO 8160:1987 Textiles – Textured filament yarns – Vocabulary ISO 8178 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement ISO 8180 Ductile iron pipelines – Polyethylene sleeving for site application ISO 8199:2005 Water quality – General guidance on the enumeration of micro-organisms by culture ISO/IEC 8208:2000 Information technology – Data communications – X.25 Packet Layer Protocol for Data Terminal Equipment ISO/IEC 8211:1994 Information technology - Specification for a data descriptive file for information interchange ISO 8217:2017 Petroleum products - Fuels (class F) - Specifications of marine fuels ISO 8229:1991 Operations and baths relating to dry-cleaning machines – Vocabulary ISO 8277:2013 Ships and marine technology – Pipework and machinery – Information transfer ISO 8297:1994 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of multisource industrial plants for evaluation of sound pressure levels in the environment – Engineering method ISO 8316:1987 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits – Method by collection of the liquid in a volumetric tank ISO 8317:2015 Child-resistant packaging - Requirements and testing procedures for reclosable packages ISO 8319 Orthopaedic instruments – Drive connections ISO 8319-1:1996 Part 1: Keys for use with screws with hexagon socket heads ISO 8319-2:1986 Part 2: Screwdrivers for single slot head screws, screws with cruciate slot and cross-recessed head screws ISO/IEC 8326:1996 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Session service definition ISO/IEC 8327 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol ISO/IEC 8327-1:1996 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 8327-2:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 8330:2014 Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies - Vocabulary ISO 8333:1985 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes – V-shaped broad-crested weirs ISO 8343:1985 Ferronickel - Determination of silicon content - Gravimetric method ISO/IEC 8348:2002 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Network service definition ISO 8362 Injection containers and accessories ISO 8362-1:2009 Part 1: Injection vials made of glass tubing ISO 8362-2:2015 Part 2: Closures for injection vials ISO 8362-3:2001 Part 3: Aluminium caps for injection vials ISO 8362-4:2011 Part 4: Injection vials made of moulded glass ISO 8362-5:2016 Part 5: Freeze drying closures for injection vials ISO 8362-6:2010 Part 6: Caps made of aluminium-plastics combinations for injection vials ISO 8362-7:2006 Part 7: Injection caps made of aluminium-plastics combinations without overlapping plastics part ISO/TR 8363:1997 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels — General guidelines for selection of method [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 18365] ISO 8368:1999 Hydrometric determinations – Flow measurements in open channels using structures – Guidelines for selection of structure ISO 8373:2012 Manipulating industrial robots – Vocabulary ISO 8378 Information processing – Data interchange on 130 mm (5.25 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 7 958 ftprad, 3,8 tpmm (96 tpi), on both sides ISO 8378-1:1986 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics ISO 8378-2:1986 Part 2: Track format A ISO 8378-3:1986 Part 3: Track format B ISO 8384:2000 Ships and marine technology – Dredgers – Vocabulary ISO 8388:1998 Knitted fabrics – Types – Vocabulary ISO 8421 Fire protection - Vocabulary ISO 8421-1:1987 Part 1: General terms and phenomena of fire ISO 8421-2:1987 Part 2: Structural fire protection ISO 8421-6:1987 Part 6: Evacuation and means of escape ISO 8421-7:1987 Part 7: Explosion detection and suppression means ISO 8422:2006 Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes ISO 8423:2008 Sequential sampling plans for inspection by variables for percent nonconforming (known standard deviation) ISO 8429:1986 Optics and optical instruments – Ophthalmology – Graduated dial scale ISO 8439:1990 Forms design - Basic layout ISO 8440:1986 Location of codes in trade documents ISO/IEC 8441 Information technology – High density digital recording (HDDR) ISO/IEC 8441-1:1991 Part 1: Unrecorded magnetic tape for (HDDR) applications ISO/IEC 8441-2:1991 Part 2: Guide for interchange practice ISO 8459:2009 Information and documentation - Bibliographic data element directory for use in data exchange and enquiry ISO 8462 Information processing – Data interchange on 6,30 mm (0.25 in) magnetic tape cartridge using GCR recording at 394 ftpmm (10 000 ftpi), 39 cpmm (1 000 cpi) ISO 8462-1:1986 Part 1: Mechanical, physical and magnetic properties ISO 8462-2:1986 Part 2: Streaming mode ISO/IEC 8473 Information technology – Protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service ISO/IEC 8473-1:1998 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 8473-2:1996 Part 2: Provision of the underlying service by an ISO/IEC 8802 subnetwork ISO/IEC 8473-3:1995 Provision of the underlying service by an X.25 subnetwork ISO/IEC 8473-4:1995 Provision of the underlying service by a subnetwork that provides the OSI data link service ISO/IEC 8473-5:1997 Provision of the underlying service by ISDN circuit-switched B-channels ISO/IEC 8480:1995 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – DTE/DCE interface back-up control operation using ITU-T Recommendation V.24 interchange circuits ISO/IEC 8481:1996 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – DTE to DTE direct connections ISO/IEC 8482:1993 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Twisted pair multipoint interconnections ISO/IEC 8484:2014 Information technology – Magnetic stripes on savingsbooks ISO 8485:1989 Programming languages - APL ISO 8498:1990 Woven fabrics – Description of defects – Vocabulary ISO 8499:2003 Knitted fabrics – Description of defects – Vocabulary ISO 8501 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products – Visual assessment of surface cleanliness ISO 8501-1:2007 Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings ISO 8501-2:1994 Part 2: Preparation grades of previously coated steel substrates after localized removal of previous coatings ISO 8501-3:2006 Part 3: Preparation grades of welds, edges and other areas with surface imperfections ISO 8501-4:2006 Part 4: Initial surface conditions, preparation grades and flash rust grades in connection with high-pressure water jetting ISO 8502 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness ISO 8502-2:2017 Part 2: Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces ISO 8502-3:2017 Part 3: Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared for painting (pressure-sensitive tape method) ISO 8502-4:2017 Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint application ISO 8502-5:1998 Part 5: Measurement of chloride on steel surfaces prepared for painting (ion detection tube method ISO 8502-6:2006 Part 6: Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis - The Bresle method ISO 8502-9:1998 Part 9: Field method for the conductometric determination of water-soluble salts ISO 8502-11:2006 Part 11: Field method for the turbidimetric determination of water-soluble sulfate ISO 8503 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates ISO 8503-1:2012 Part 1: Specifications and definitions for ISO surface profile comparators for the assessment of abrasive blast-cleaned surfaces ISO 8503-2:2012 Part 2: Method for the grading of surface profile of abrasive blast-cleaned steel - Comparator procedure ISO 8503-3:2012 Part 3: Method for the calibration of ISO surface profile comparators and for the determination of surface profile - Focusing microscope procedure ISO 8503-4:2012 Part 4: Method for the calibration of ISO surface profile comparators and for the determination of surface profile - Stylus instrument procedure ISO 8503-5:2017 Part 5: Replica tape method for the determination of the surface profile ISO 8504 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Surface preparation methods ISO 8504-1:2000 Part 1: General principles ISO 8504-2:2000 Part 2: Abrasive blast-cleaning ISO 8504-3:1993 Part 3: Hand- and power-tool cleaning ISO 8506:2024 Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture technology — AIDC application in industrial construction ISO 8512 Surface plates ISO 8512-1:1990 Part 1: Cast iron ISO 8512-2:1990 Part 2: Granite ISO/TR 8517:1988 Rubber- or plastics-covered rollers – Glossary ISO 8525:2008 Airborne noise emitted by machine tools – Operating conditions for metal-cutting machines ISO 8528 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets ISO 8528-1:2005 Part 1: Application, ratings and performance ISO 8528-2:2005 Part 2: Engines ISO 8528-3:2005 Part 3: Alternating current generators for generating sets ISO 8528-4:2005 Part 4: Controlgear and switchgear ISO 8528-5:2013 Part 5: Generating sets ISO 8528-6:2005 Part 6: Test methods ISO 8528-7:2017 Part 7: Technical declarations for specification and design ISO 8528-8:2016 Part 8: Requirements and tests for low-power generating sets ISO 8528-9:2017 Part 9: Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibrations ISO 8528-10:1998 Part 10: Measurement of airborne noise by the enveloping surface method ISO 8528-12:1997 Part 12: Emergency power supply to safety services ISO 8528-13:2016 Part 13: Safety ISO 8529 Reference neutron radiations ISO 8529-1:2001 Part 1: Characteristics and methods of production ISO 8529-2:2000 Part 2: Calibration fundamentals of radiation protection devices related to the basic quantities characterizing the radiation field ISO 8529-3:1998 Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosimeters and determination of response as a function of energy and angle of incidence ISO 8532:1995 Securities – Format for transmission of certificate numbers ISO 8536 Infusion equipment for medical use ISO 8536-1:2011 Part 1: Infusion glass bottles ISO 8536-2:2010 Part 2: Closures for infusion bottles ISO 8536-3:2009 Part 3: Aluminium caps for infusion bottles ISO 8536-4:2010 Part 4: Infusion sets for single use, gravity feed ISO 8536-5:2004 Part 5: Burette infusion sets for single use, gravity feed ISO 8536-6:2016 Part 6: Freeze drying closures for infusion bottles ISO 8536-7:2009 Part 7: Caps made of aluminium-plastics combinations for infusion bottles ISO 8536-8:2015 Part 8: Infusion sets for single use with pressure infusion apparatus ISO 8536-9:2015 Part 9: Fluid lines for single use with pressure infusion equipment ISO 8536-10:2015 Part 10: Accessories for fluid lines for single use with pressure infusion equipment ISO 8536-11:2015 Part 11: Infusion filters for single use with pressure infusion equipment ISO 8536-12:2007 Part 12: Check valves ISO 8536-13:2016 Part 13: Graduated flow regulators for single use with fluid contact ISO 8536-14:2016 Part 14: Clamps and flow regulators for transfusion and infusion equipment without fluid contact ISO 8537:2016 Sterile single-use syringes, with or without needle, for insulin ISO 8540:1993 Open front mechanical power presses - Vocabulary ISO 8548 Prosthetics and orthotics – Limb deficiencies ISO 8548-1:1989 Part 1: Method of describing limb deficiencies present at birth ISO 8548-2:1993 Part 2: Method of describing lower limb amputation stumps ISO 8548-3:1993 Part 3: Method of describing upper limb amputation stumps ISO 8548-4:1998 Part 4: Description of causal conditions leading to amputation ISO 8548-5:2003 Part 5: Description of the clinical condition of the person who has had an amputation ISO 8549 Prosthetics and orthotics - Vocabulary ISO 8549-1:1989 Part 1: General terms for external limb prostheses and external orthoses ISO 8549-2:1989 Part 2: Terms relating to external limb prostheses and wearers of these prostheses ISO 8549-3:1989 Part 3: Terms relating to external orthoses ISO 8549-4:2014 Part 4: Terms relating to limb amputation ISO/TR 8550 Guidance on the selection and usage of acceptance sampling systems for inspection of discrete items in lots ISO/TR 8550-1:2007 Part 1: Acceptance sampling ISO/TR 8550-2:2007 Part 2: Sampling by attributes ISO/TR 8550-3:2007 Part 3: Sampling by variables ISO 8551:2003 Prosthetics and orthotics – Functional deficiencies – Description of the person to be treated with an orthosis, clinical objectives of treatment, and functional requirements of the orthosis ISO 8552:2004 Milk – Estimation of psychrotrophic microorganisms – Colony-count technique at 21 degrees C (Rapid method) ISO 8553:2004 Milk – Enumeration of microorganisms – Plate-loop technique at 30 degrees C ISO 8559:1989 Garment construction and anthropometric surveys – Body dimensions [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 8559-1:2017] ISO 8559 Size designation of clothes ISO 8559-1:2017 Part 1: Anthropometric definitions for body measurement ISO 8559-2:2017 Part 2: Primary and secondary dimension indicators ISO 8560:1986 Technical drawings – Construction drawings – Representation of modular sizes, lines and grids ISO 8568:2007 Mechanical shock – Testing machines – Characteristics and performance ISO 8571 Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection - File Transfer, Access and Management ISO 8571-1:1988 Part 1: General introduction ISO 8571-2:1988 Part 2: Virtual Filestore Definition ISO 8571-3:1988 Part 3: File Service Definition ISO 8571-4:1988 Part 4: File Protocol Specification ISO/IEC 8571-5:1990 Part 5: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement Proforma ISO 8573 Compressed air ISO 8573-1:2010 Contaminants and purity classes ISO 8573-2:2007 Test methods for oil aerosol content ISO 8573-3:1999 Test methods for measurement of humidity ISO 8573-4:2001 Test methods for solid particle content ISO 8573-5:2001 Test methods for oil vapour and organic solvent content ISO 8573-6:2003 Test methods for gaseous contaminant content ISO 8573-7:2003 Test method for viable microbiological contaminant content ISO 8573-8:2004 Test methods for solid particle content by mass concentration ISO 8573-9:2004 Test methods for liquid water content ISO 8579 Acceptance code for gear units ISO 8579-1:2002 Part 1: Test code for airborne sound ISO 8583 Financial transaction card originated messages – Interchange message specifications ISO 8586:2012 Sensory analysis – General guidelines for the selection, training and monitoring of selected assessors and expert sensory assessors ISO 8596:2009 Ophthalmic optics – Visual acuity testing – Standard optotype and its presentation ISO 8598 Optics and optical instruments – Focimeters ISO 8598-1:2014 Part 1: General purpose instruments ISO 8600 Endoscopes – Medical endoscopes and endotherapy devices ISO 8600-1:2015 Part 1: General requirements ISO 8600-2:2015 Part 2: Particular requirements for rigid bronchoscopes ISO 8600-3:1997 Part 3: Determination of field of view and direction of view of endoscopes with optics ISO 8600-4:2014 Part 4: Determination of maximum width of insertion portion ISO 8600-5:2005 Part 5: Determination of optical resolution of rigid endoscopes with optics ISO 8600-6:2005 Part 6: Vocabulary ISO 8600-7:2012 Part 7: Basic requirements for medical endoscopes of water-resistant type ISO 8601:2019 Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times ISO/IEC 8602:1995 Information technology – Protocol for providing the OSI connectionless-mode transport service ISO 8604:1988 Plastics – Prepregs – Definitions of terms and symbols for designations ISO 8608:2016 Mechanical vibration – Road surface profiles – Reporting of measured data ISO 8612:2009 Ophthalmic instruments – Tonometers ISO/IEC 8613 Information technology – Open Document Architecture (ODA) and interchange format ISO 8614:1997 Ski bindings – Vocabulary ISO 8615:1991 Implants for surgery – Fixation devices for use in the ends of the femur in adults ISO 8624:2011 Ophthalmic optics – Spectacle frames – Measuring system and terminology ISO 8625 Aerospace – Fluid systems – Vocabulary ISO 8625-1:1993 Part 1: General terms and definitions related to pressure ISO 8625-2:1991 Part 2: General terms and definitions relating to flow ISO 8625-3:1991 Part 3: General terms and definitions relating to temperature ISO 8625-4:2011 Part 4: General terms and definitions relating to control/actuation systems ISO 8626:1989 Servo-hydraulic test equipment for generating vibration – Method of describing characteristics ISO 8630 Information processing – Data interchange on 130 mm (5.25 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 13 262 ftprad, on 80 tracks on each side ISO 8630-1:1987 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics ISO 8630-2:1987 Part 2: Track format A for 77 tracks ISO 8630-3:1987 Part 3: Track format B for 80 tracks ISO/IEC 8631:1989 Information technology - Program constructs and conventions for their representation ISO/IEC 8632 Information technology – Computer graphics – Metafile for the storage and transfer of picture description information ISO/IEC 8632-1:1999 Part 1: Functional specification ISO/IEC 8632-2:1992 Part 2: Character encoding [withdrawn 2001-06-21] ISO/IEC 8632-3:1999 Part 3: Binary encoding ISO/IEC 8632-4:1999 Part 4: Clear text encoding ISO 8637:2010 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Haemodialysers, haemodiafilters, haemofilters and haemoconcentrators ISO 8638:2010 Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems – Extracorporeal blood circuit for haemodialysers, haemodiafilters and haemofilters ISO 8640 Textile machinery and accessories – Flat warp knitting machines ISO 8640-1:2004 Part 1: Vocabulary of basic structure and knitting elements ISO 8640-2:2004 Part 2: Vocabulary of warp let-off, fabric take-up and batching ISO 8640-3:2002 Part 3: Vocabulary of patterning devices ISO 8640-4:1996 Part 4: Stitch bonding machines and stitch bonding devices ISO 8648:1988 Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection – Internal organization of the Network Layer ISO/IEC 8650 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol specification for the Association Control Service Element ISO/IEC 8650-2:1997 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 8651 Information technology – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System (GKS) language bindings ISO 8651-1:1988 Part 1: FORTRAN ISO 8651-2:1988 Part 2: Pascal ISO 8651-3:1988 Part 3: Ada ISO/IEC 8651-4:1995 Part 4: C ISO/IEC 8652:2012 Information technology – Programming languages – Ada ISO 8653:1986 Jewellery – Ring-sizes – Definition, measurement and designation ISO 8655 Piston-operated volumetric apparatus ISO 8655-1:2002 Part 1: Terminology, general requirements and user recommendations ISO 8655-2:2002 Part 2: Piston pipettes ISO 8655-3:2002 Part 3: Piston burettes ISO 8655-4:2002 Part 4: Dilutors ISO 8655-5:2002 Part 5: Dispensers ISO 8655-6:2002 Part 6: Gravimetric methods for the determination of measurement error ISO 8655-7:2005 Part 7: Non-gravimetric methods for the assessment of equipment performance ISO 8669 Urine collection bags ISO 8669-1:1988 Part 1: Vocabulary ISO 8670 Ostomy collection bags ISO 8670-1:1988 Part 1: Vocabulary ISO 8691 Petroleum products – Low levels of vanadium in liquid fuels – Determination by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry after ashing ISO 8695:2010 Tools for pressing - Punches - Nomenclature and terminology ISO/TR 8713:2012 Electrically propelled road vehicles – Vocabulary ISO 8769:2016 Reference sources - Calibration of surface contamination monitors - Alpha-, beta- and photon emitters ISO 8777:1993 Information and documentation - Commands for interactive text searching ISO 8784 Pulp, paper and board – Microbiological examination ISO 8784-1:2014 Part 1: Enumeration of bacteria and bacterial spores based on disintegration ISO 8785:1998 Geometrical Product Specification (GPS) - Surface imperfections - Terms, definitions and parameters ISO 8790:1987 Information processing systems - Computer system configuration diagram symbols and conventions ISO/IEC 8802 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Local and metropolitan area networks – Specific requirements ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-A:2015 Part A: Overview and architecture ISO/IEC TR 8802-1:2001 Part 1: Overview of Local Area Network Standards ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1Q:2016 Part 1Q: Bridges and bridged networks ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1X:2013 Part 1X: Port-based network access control ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AB:2017 Part 1AB: Station and media access control connectivity discovery ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AE:2013 Part 1AE: Media access control (MAC) security ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AR:2014 Part 1AR: Secure device identity ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AS:2014 Part 1AS: Timing and synchronization for time-sensitive applications in bridged local area networks ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1AX:2016 Part 1AX: Link aggregation ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1BA:2016 Part 1BA: Audio video bridging (AVB) systems ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-1BR:2016 Part 1BR: Virtual bridged local area networks – Bridge port extension ISO/IEC 8802-2:1998 Part 2: Logical link control ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-3:2017 Part 3: Standard for Ethernet ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-3-1:2015 Part 3-1: Standard for management information base (MIB) – Definitions for Ethernet ISO/IEC 8802-5:1998 Part 5: Token Ring access method and physical layer specifications ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-11:2012 Part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-15-4:2010 Part 15-4: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs) ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-22:2015 Part 22: Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Policies and Procedures for Operation in the TV Bands ISO 8805 Information processing systems – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions (GKS-3D) functional description ISO/IEC 8806 Information technology – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions (GKS-3D) language bindings ISO/IEC 8806-4 Part 4: C ISO 8807:1989 Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection – LOTOS – A formal description technique based on the temporal ordering of observational behaviour ISO 8811:2000 Earth-moving machinery – Rollers and compactors – Terminology and commercial specifications ISO 8812:2016 Earth-moving machinery – Backhoe loaders – Terminology and commercial specifications ISO 8815:1994 Aircraft – Electrical cables and cable harnesses – Vocabulary ISO/IEC 8822:1994 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Presentation service definition ISO/IEC 8823 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented presentation protocol ISO/IEC 8823-1:1994 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 8823-2:1997 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/IEC 8824 Information technology – Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) ISO/IEC 8824-1:2015 Specification of basic notation ISO/IEC 8824-2:2015 Information object specification ISO/IEC 8824-3:2015 Constraint specification ISO/IEC 8824-4:2015 Parameterization of ASN.1 specifications ISO/IEC 8825 Information technology – ASN.1 encoding rules ISO/IEC 8825-1:2015 Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) ISO/IEC 8825-2:2015 Specification of Packed Encoding Rules (PER) ISO/IEC 8825-3:2015 Specification of Encoding Control Notation (ECN) ISO/IEC 8825-4:2015 XML Encoding Rules (XER) ISO/IEC 8825-5:2015 Mapping W3C XML schema definitions into ASN.1 ISO/IEC 8825-6:2015 Registration and application of PER encoding instructions ISO/IEC 8825-7:2015 Part 7: Specification of Octet Encoding Rules (OER) ISO 8826 Technical drawings – Rolling bearings ISO 8826-1:1989 Part 1: General simplified representation ISO 8826-2:1994 Part 2: Detailed simplified representation ISO 8827:1988 Implants for surgery – Staples with parallel legs for orthopaedic use – General requirements ISO 8828:2014 Implants for surgery – Guidance on care and handling of orthopaedic implants ISO 8835 Inhalational anaesthesia systems ISO 8835-7:2011 Part 7: Anaesthetic systems for use in areas with limited logistical supplies of electricity and anaesthetic gases ISO 8836:2014 Suction catheters for use in the respiratory tract ISO 8843:2005 Aircraft – Crimp-removable contacts for electrical connectors – Identification system ISO 8855:2011 Road vehicles – Vehicle dynamics and road-holding ability – Vocabulary ISO/IEC 8859 Information technology – 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1 ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999 Part 2: Latin alphabet No. 2 ISO/IEC 8859-3:1999 Part 3: Latin alphabet No. 3 ISO/IEC 8859-4:1998 Part 4: Latin alphabet No. 4 ISO/IEC 8859-5:1999 Part 5: Latin/Cyrillic alphabet ISO/IEC 8859-6:1999 Part 6: Latin/Arabic alphabet ISO/IEC 8859-7:2003 Part 7: Latin/Greek alphabet ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999 Part 8: Latin/Hebrew alphabet ISO/IEC 8859-9:1999 Part 9: Latin alphabet No. 5 ISO/IEC 8859-10:1998 Part 10: Latin alphabet No. 6 ISO/IEC 8859-11:2001 Part 11: Latin/Thai alphabet ISO/IEC 8859-13:1998 Part 13: Latin alphabet No. 7 ISO/IEC 8859-14:1998 Part 14: Latin alphabet No. 8 (Celtic) ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 Part 15: Latin alphabet No. 9 ISO/IEC 8859-16:2001 Part 16: Latin alphabet No. 10 ISO 8860 Information processing – Data interchange on 90 mm (3.5 in) flexible disk cartridges using modified frequency modulation recording at 7 958 ftprad on 80 tracks on each side ISO 8860-1:1987 Part 1: Dimensional, physical and magnetic characteristics ISO 8860-2:1987 Part 2: Track format ISO 8871 Elastomeric parts for parenterals and for devices for pharmaceutical use ISO 8871-1:2003 Part 1: Extractables in aqueous autoclavates ISO 8871-2:2003 Part 2: Identification and characterization ISO 8871-3:2003 Part 3: Determination of released-particle count ISO 8871-4:2006 Part 4: Biological requirements and test methods ISO 8871-5:2016 Part 5: Functional requirements and testing ISO 8872:2003 Aluminium caps for transfusion, infusion and injection bottles – General requirements and test methods ISO/IEC 8877:1992 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Interface connector and contact assignments for ISDN Basic Access Interface located at reference points S and T ISO/IEC 8878:1992 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – Use of X.25 to provide the OSI Connection-mode Network Service ISO 8879:1986 Information processing – Text and office systems – Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) ISO/IEC 8880 Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Protocol combinations to provide and support the OSI Network Service ISO/IEC 8880-1:1990 Part 1: General principles [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO/IEC TR 13532:1995, now withdrawn without replacement] ISO/IEC 8880-2:1992 Part 2: Provision and support of the connection-mode Network Service [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO/IEC TR 13532:1995, now withdrawn without replacement] ISO/IEC 8880-3:1990 Part 3: Provision and support of the connectionless-mode Network Service [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO/IEC TR 13532:1995, now withdrawn without replacement] ISO/IEC 8881:1989 Information processing systems – Data communications – Use of the X.25 packet level protocol in local area networks ISO/IEC 8882 Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – X.25 DTE conformance testing ISO/IEC 8882-1:1996 Part 1: General principles ISO/IEC 8882-2:2000 Part 2: Data link layer conformance test suite ISO/IEC 8882-3:2000 Part 3: Packet layer conformance test suite ISO 8884:1989 Information processing — Text and office systems — Keyboards for multiple Latin-alphabet languages — Layout and operation [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9995-(1,7)] ISO 8885:1987 Information processing systems — Data communication — High-level data link control procedures — General purpose XID frame information field content and format [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO/IEC 8886:1996 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Data link service definition ISO 8887 Technical product documentation – Design for manufacturing, assembling, disassembling and end-of-life processing ISO 8887-1:2017 Part 1: General concepts and requirements ISO 8891:1998 Dental casting alloys with noble metal content of at least 25 % but less than 75 % [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 22674] ISO 8909 Forage harvesters ISO 8909-1:1994 Part 1: Vocabulary ISO 8910:1993 Machinery and equipment for working the soil – Mouldboard plough working elements – Vocabulary ISO 8927:1991 Earth-moving machinery – Machine availability – Vocabulary ISO 8930:1987 General principles on reliability for structures – List of equivalent terms ISO 8936:2017 Awnings for leisure accommodation vehicles - Requirements and test methods ISO 8954 Ferroalloys - Vocabulary ISO 8954-1:1990 Part 1: Materials ISO 8954-2:1990 Part 2: Sampling and sample preparation ISO 8954-3:1990 Part 3: Sieve analysis ISO 8957:1996 Information and documentation - Hebrew alphabet coded character sets for bibliographic information interchange ISO 8965:2013 Logging industry – Technology – Terms and definitions ISO 8979:2004 Pliers and nippers for electronics - Nomenclature ISO 8980 Ophthalmic optics – Uncut finished spectacle lenses ISO 8980-1:2017 Part 1: Specifications for single-vision and multifocal lenses ISO 8980-2:2017 Part 2: Specifications for power-variation lenses ISO 8980-3:2013 Part 3: Transmittance specifications and test methods ISO 8980-4:2006 Part 4: Specifications and test methods for anti-reflective coatings ISO 8980-5:2005 Part 5: Minimum requirements for spectacle lens surfaces claimed to be abrasion-resistant ISO 8999:2001 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Graphical symbols
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
To treat the condition, high concentration doses of glucose are given to the neonate as required maintaining normal blood glucose levels. The hyperinsulinemia condition subsides after one to two days.
The WPB placed penicillin under a wartime allocation system on 16 July 1943. All supplies were designated for use by the armed forces and the Public Health Service. Penicillin production in the United States ramped up from 800 million Oxford units in the first half of 1943 to 20 billion units in the second half. The US government built six production plants at a cost of $7.6 million (equivalent to $139 million in 2025). These were sold after the war to the companies that operated them for $3.4 million (equivalent to $56 million in 2025). Another sixteen plants were built by the private sector for $22.6 million (equivalent to $413 million in 2025), although $14.5 million (equivalent to $265 million in 2025) was approved for accelerated depreciation under which the cost could be written off in five years instead of the usual twelve to fifteen. US penicillin production rose from 21 billion units in 1943, to 1,663 billion units in 1944 and an estimated 6,852 billion units in 1945. By June 1944, Pfizer alone was producing 70 billion units per month. Monthly production dropped off after July 1945 due to a shortage of corn-steep liquor. The price offered by the CMR for a million units fell from $200 in 1943 (equivalent to $4,000 in 2025), which was below its manufacturing cost, to $6 in 1945 (equivalent to $107 in 2025). The chairman of the NRC committee on chemotherapy, Chester Keefer, was responsible for administering the equitable distribution of penicillin for civilian use on behalf of the CMR.
BrightStarSound.com Stanislav Petrov tribute website, multiple pages with photos and reprints of various articles about Petrov Nuclear War: Minuteman Article from Weekendavisen, 2 April 2004. The Nuclear War that Almost Happened in 1983 (posted September 5, 2003). History News Network, Originally in the Baltimore Sun of 31 August 2003 Armageddon Almost Not Averted "Sept. 26, 1983: The Man Who Saved the World by Doing ... Nothing". 30 years on: The day a computer glitch nearly caused World War III. The Register. 27 September 2013
Luteinizing hormone subunit beta also known as lutropin subunit beta or LHβ is a polypeptide that in association with an alpha subunit common to all gonadotropin hormones forms the reproductive signaling molecule luteinizing hormone. In humans it is encoded by the LHB gene.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide designed as a stabilized analog of the natural tetrapeptide tuftsin. It has been investigated mainly for anxiolytic and cognitive effects. It is not an approved pharmaceutical in most countries.
It was developed in Russia, at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, during the 1990s. Most published research originates from Russian institutions. Independent international replication remains limited.
Tuftsin is a natural tetrapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg that participates in immune signaling. Selank extends that sequence with Pro-Gly-Pro at the C-terminus. The added residues are linked to greater resistance to enzymatic breakdown.
Most published work uses intranasal application, either as drops or as a nasal spray. Injection routes appear in a smaller set of animal experiments. Oral use is uncommon in the literature because peptide breakdown and poor absorption limit this route.